Capt Spenser Hardesty, Capt Matthew Ramsey, Capt Lauren Rogers, and MSgt Jereme Henson

RFID image courtesy of Shutterstock. (Photo contributor metamorworks)

Introduction

In 2020, the world faced the challenge of a global pandemic, the magnitude of which it hasn’t encountered in over a century. This event drove higher customer demand for goods and services, forcing industries to adapt their business practices, incorporate contingency plans, and improve existing technologies. Commercial businesses relying on manual and human driven processes struggled more than others when it came to inventory management, forecasting, and asset visibility. Conversely, companies leveraging data collection through automation were able to make better business decisions and operate with greater efficiency, transparency, and flexibility, meeting demands and expectations of customers, while understanding the financial impact of best-case, worst-case, and average-case outcomes. Leveraging automation technology was possible through Automatic Identification Technologies (AIT) and associated software. Fast forward four years, and the commercial industry is more invested than ever in data collection and automation because they enable more resilient and reliable supply chains that can better meet customer requirements. The COVID-19 pandemic brought to light for the commercial sector previously unseen vulnerabilities accelerating and magnifying issues existing within the supply chain. This raises the question, what unseen vulnerabilities exist within the Department of Defense’s (DoD) supply chain and are we prepared to support Warfighters around the globe with the right stuff, in the right place, and at the right time when faced with a major conflict?

As logisticians selected for the Education with Industry (EWI) program, we were embedded with some of the United States’ biggest logistics companies: Delta Airlines, United Parcel Service, and Federal Express. Collectively, we have come to realize how valuable and present Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology is in each of these companies. Aside from RFID giving companies the ability to track assets across their enterprise, this technology carries and transmits information into a database allowing end users to access real-time data and make informed decisions by extrapolating insights from the gathered information. As an enterprise, the DoD has not found a standardized means to fully leverage this technology, even though RFID technology has matured and become more affordable over the last decade. Former Chief Executive Officer of Amazon, Jeff Bezos, said it best, “What’s dangerous is not to evolve” and industry predictions show us that companies who are not already using this technology will invest in automatic identification, sensors, and the Internet of Things (IoT) within the next five years.[1] The question is, will the Air Force make strides to reshape how our supply chain operates or will the gap continue to widen between industry and government capabilities?

Problem Statement

Currently, the Air Force does not have a comprehensive tracking system designed to follow an asset from end-to-end. That is, from the original equipment manufacturer to decommission, or to follow an asset through storage, installation, and repair that is reflective of 21st century technology. Therefore, we are proposing an enterprise solution that uses passive RFID, which can be progressively scaled throughout the Air Force and DoD enterprise.

What is RFID?

RFID is a form of wireless communication that pairs electromagnetic waves in the radio frequency portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object with stored digital information.[2] The hardware used for this technology includes readers (also known as interrogators) and tags. Interrogators can be fixed or mobile. RFID tags are made up of three components: an integrated circuit, an antenna, and a substrate that is used to mount the other two items. Additionally, there are two types of RFID tags: passive and active. Passive RFID (pRFID) relies on an interrogator to activate tags by using radio waves to transmit signals.[3] Active RFID (aRFID) utilizes a battery to consistently send a signal with its location until the battery dies. Since RFID hardware is relatively simple, organizations can fully leverage this technology when pairing it with software to manage, store, and display data.

RFID & Air Force

Automatic identification technologies, such as RFID, can be used in conjunction with Bluetooth, cellular, and global positioning satellite technologies and trials of these pairings have been implemented across multiple DoD agencies spanning back two decades. For the Air Force, there have been long term efforts and individual base-level attempts to implement passive and active RFID. All these technologies have challenges and benefits when considering price, security, implementation, capability, and user adoption.

The Standard Asset Tracking System (SATS) was a paperless initiative implemented in the early 2000s, designed to bring improved efficiency of warehousing and asset movement using barcodes and radio links. Instead of signing a piece of paper, a smart card is inserted into a Hand-Held Terminal (HHT) and a personal identification number is input into the database when an asset arrives or leaves a location. At the time, SATS enabled paperless movement and delivery, time stamps, and elimination of illegibility all while improving the accountability of assets in the DoD transportation network. It connected with the Air Force’s Standard Base Supply System (SBSS) and in 2014, SATS was incorporated into the Integrated Logistics System-Supply (ILS-S). ILS-S provided the added benefits of one centralized system, updated hardware, and inventory control software. The system was compatible with updated Windows Operating Systems and was able to be used if HHTs went down, via a desktop application.

One of the larger scale pRFID endeavors at the Major Command (MAJCOM) level is the Air Force Global Enterprise Tracking (AFGET) system that was piloted at Robins AFB by the 78th Communications Group in 2003 and later adopted at the other Air Logistics and several bases.[4] This system allowed automatic identification of approximately 6,500 items across Robins AFB, using software and interrogators to view and capture information on pRFID tags pertaining to location, inventory accountability, and other data associated with the item.[5] While this project is two decades old, in 2022 CDO Technologies was awarded a $6.6M AFGET contract to support its existing operations and teamed up with Zebra Technologies to provide hardware and software support to AFGET customers.[6] This is a huge step forward for the Air Logistics Complexes (ALCs) and its depots in terms of asset visibility, but its impact on base-level logistics operations is minimal.

Additionally, through our research, we have found ongoing but isolated initiatives within several squadrons attempting to employ pRFID technologies. The 96th Logistics Readiness Squadron at Eglin AFB implemented the use of pRFID tags and affixed them to items in their Readiness Center warehouse which includes helmets, body armor, and weapons.[7] This turned what was a two-week job into a single day of inventorying. Like Eglin, the 100th Logistics Readiness Squadron at RAF Mildenhall was able to attach pRFID tags to their weapons, which brought a four-day inventorying event down to a 45-minute process.[8]  Finally, we learned that Dover Logistics Readiness Squadron (LRS) submitted an Unfunded Request for $1M to pursue an RFID solution across their warehouses and base. In these instances of attempted pRFID solutions, it is clear to us that Airmen have recognized how beneficial this technology is and its potential to change how logisticians conduct business.

Senior Airman Grace Schwarz, 96th Logistics Readiness Squadron, scans a radio frequency identification tag inside a protective vest April 23 at Eglin Air Force Base, Fla. Supply Airmen use the RFID tags to better track their inventory of check-out equipment such protective gear and weapons. (U.S. Air Force photo/Samuel King Jr.)

RFID & Industry

Our host companies each opened a door to showcase innovative ideas and operations using RFID capabilities.  They showed us how enterprise solutions with In-Transit Visibility (ITV) and warehouse asset visibility could feed a massive system network composed of multiple legacy systems all working together to compile data into different access levels. We have learned of use cases where the technology was implemented too fast and too broadly.

Our team had the opportunity to visit one of the largest logistics expositions in the country, MODEX 2024.  Hosted by Material Handling Industry, they held educational courses, 12 keynote speakers, and over 1,200 vendors. We were able to get firsthand experience from multiple vendors and courses regarding RFID.  We learned the supply chain industry is rapidly growing, to include RFID, which is projected to become a $40B industry.  RFID tags and its technology has expanded from the bulky readers we were familiar with to tags able to be inserted into metal bolts or thin printable labels. RFID solutions are being used for data transfers, location, inventory levels, procurement, fulfillment, statistics, and analysis.

DeltaZone Benchstock (Photo courtesy of the authors)

For example, the image to the right shows the DeltaZone Benchstock, where each bin has a label with a barcode and RFID in the tags. The bins also had sliders where maintainers could slide to red if they took the last or the stock was getting low which would show up on the next inventory scan.

RFID & DoD (In Practice)

Our team visited Blount Island Command (BIC) in Jacksonville, FL after recommendations from the Air Force Materiel Command’s (AFMC) Supply Chain Risk Management office and the United States Transportation Command’s (TRANSCOM)/CJ4LT. We had heard that this Marine Corps base had outfitted their entire operation with RFID capabilities for asset tracking. The main mission of this base is to onload and offload war reserve ships (aka floating warehouses).

With the contractor CGI Federal and money from WRM/prepositioning (1B1) streams, they built a system for RFID asset tracking and ITV called Marine Corps Platform Integration Center (MCPIC), which has Application Programming Interfaces (API) capabilities and talks to Global Combat Support System – Marine Corps (GCSS-MC), which is their supply system equivalent to ILS-S. MCPIC is a robust system that functions as a middleware for RFID hardware. The code is owned by the government and is cloud agnostic, which means a user can hook up any RFID hardware that is approved with an Authority to Connect (ATC) and Authority to Operate (ATO) to this MCPIC system and start reading and printing tags. To get past the firewall and security issue, they use Raspberry Pi computers that are small and easily coded. [9]

Through years of testing, the BIC team quickly found out what does and does not work when it comes to tagging equipment and ensuring accountability with the readers. The biggest step for accuracy is they have identified which types of tags/labels (Figure 1) work best for certain types of equipment as well as a specific Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for tagging locations to include a minimum of four sides, optimal height, and identifying locations that will not work (i.e., a vehicle door because it could potentially be removed when conducting maintenance). BIC’s tag implementation methodology was standardized across LOGCOM.

Figure 1. Various types of pRFID and aRFID tags tested by CGI Federal (Photo courtesy of the authors).

Recently, BIC was invited by TRANSCOM to highlight their capabilities in Exercise TURBO DISTRIBUTION held at Fort Drum, New York. The kit they deployed included the Raspberry Pi, tablets, handheld interrogators, RFID printer and tags, and a Starlink terminal to conduct operations in an “austere” location. In Figure 2 a heavy-duty equipment case is used to store and transport the equipment, making this capability agile with a small cargo footprint. They were able to successfully bring their equipment online and utilize MCPIC and interrogators to perform daily tasks with little disruption. The seamless integration and ease of use for this equipment caught the attention of some of our Air Force Leaders out of the Contingency Response Wing (CRW) who were impressed and curious in how the Air Force could replicate their efforts in asset visibility/accountability. Ultimately, the secret lies within the MCPIC system. With the partnership between BIC and CGI Federal over the last 16 years, they have built incredible software with an array of functions, data, and analytics which allows them to manage and track assets like never seen in the Air Force.[10]

Figure 2. An example of a deployable integrator system that can read RFID tags as rolling stock equipment passes by. The device can be connected to solar panels for sustained use; it can also be connected to WiFi, hot spots, and even Starlink with the proper antenna installed (Photo courtesy of the authors).

Capstone Proposal

Despite pRFID initiatives that are being trialed or previously implemented, the Air Force has yet to fully leverage this technology for asset visibility. Our proposal is inspired by conversations we have had throughout our EWI year and ultimately a tour of BIC. We are approaching our capstone implementation in a step-by-step process.

Step 1: The first step is to develop an Air Force interface. For instance, the Marine Corps contracted CGI Federal to develop the MCPIC system. This system allows for dual factor authentication and resides on the cloud similar to the Air Force’s Basing and Logistics Analytic Data Environment (BLADE) system. Since the Air Force owns ILS-S and the Cargo Movement Operations System (CMOS) systems that are both cloud-based, they have the required API.

Step 2: The second step is to conduct a small-scale Proof-of-Concept (PoC). A PoC at a single Air Force base can demonstrate how pRFID can be used in an end-to-end solution.

  • We recommend placing RFID interrogators at the Transportation Management Office (TMO) cargo inbound/outbound docks, Documented Cargo doors, across Central Storage, any Aircraft Parts Store, Aerial Port Squadron or Air Mobility Squadron Truck Docks, flightline freight ramp doors, Aircraft Maintenance Unit/Fighter Generation Squadron doors, and the base gates.
  • The base would need RFID label printers, labels/tags, and RFID-capable HHTs. The MCPIC software could be loaded onto existing HHTs for 2D barcode scanning in a docking format, however, to be most effective we would recommend considering HHTs with Wi-Fi or cellular connectivity. An avenue to cellular connectivity for HHTs would be to latch onto the base’s existing cellular plan that is used for leadership devices.
  • Yes, we realize the Air Force has millions of parts in our inventory and it will take a while to get them all on an RFID tag system but through TMO arrival we could start tagging all new parts.

Step 3: The third step is to scale up from the PoC to three bases within the same MAJCOM, ideally one(s) with a depot.

  • Once the team has completed the PoC, it will be easier to understand the hardware costs associated with expanding to more bases.
  • Including a depot following the PoC will support implementation as the depots produce around 36K parts per year; adding RFID labels to these parts as they are introduced to the supply system will provide crucial insights into the feasibility of expanding to the Air Force supply enterprise.

U.S. Marine Corps Sgt. Samuel Pinero with 2nd Supply Battalion, Combat Logistics Regiment 25, 2nd Marine Logistics Group, explains to Col. Boyd Miller, commanding officer of Headquarters Regiment, 2nd MLG, how a portable deployment kit uses radio frequency identification tags to track equipment for maritime prepositioning force operations during Command Post Exercise 2-18 on Camp Lejeune, N.C., May 19, 2018. 2nd MLG conducted CPX 2-18 in order to improve its warfighting readiness in command and control of the Logistics Combat Element for II Marine Expeditionary Force. (U.S. Marine Corps photo by Cpl. Sean M. Evans)

Identified Costs

MCPIC is a 100% government owned system, with CGI Federal contracted as the IT consulting firm to expand the program as needed or requested and operates on the Marine Corps network. BIC uses the system to track the roughly 185K assets that transition through their installation and the implementation of an Air Force interface and tagging of assets for a PoC would not require the same level of funding due to the smaller initial footprint. The overall goal is to implement pRFID to reduce lost assets in warehousing operations and be able to track assets from the warehouse to the flightline or TMO shipment, while retaining the ability to scale or add a RFID configurations if desired. Therefore, the currently anticipated cost breakdown follows:

  • Creation and implementation of an Air Force interface system similar to MCPIC
  • Various RFID tags (~8¢ a tag with a currently unknown quantity of parts received/day on average)
  • Updated tablets for handheld use in warehouses and other operating locations
  • Interrogators ($200-$300 depending on the required range)
  • Tag printers
  • IoT Devices (e.g., Raspberry Pi)
  • Miscellaneous hardware

Costs Saved or Avoided by Our Proposed Solution

In addition to identifying the costs for a PoC, we have identified additional costs that can be reduced or avoided if this capstone is implemented:

  • Fewer Report of Surveys and Form 12s: better warehouse visibility will reduce the number of time intensive investigations saving the Air Force man-hours wasted on research, part discovery, and preparation of paperwork.
  • It is well known that the logistics hygiene of maintenance, TMO, and supply can be improved, as we often lose parts in our warehouses and throughout the base. With a Total Asset Visibility (TAV) solution, recovering a lost part can be easily accomplished.
  • Increase asset visibility and accountability also improves logistics service levels in support of mission partners (i.e., Maintenance Groups). Logistics is vital to Air Force operations and improving our processes via an ITV/TAV solution will directly translate to improved flying operations and aircraft availability.
  • Materiel Management flights can automate annual cycle counts, increasing accountability in a fraction of the time currently needed, when compared to processes being performed by the Inventory Section.

What’s In It For You? Why You (the reader) Should Care

Strategic and Operational Benefits

The benefits to Headquarters Air Force (HAF) and MAJCOM leaders are knowing where all our equipment is located to properly maneuver and direct spending. To prepare for the fight of the future, the Air Force is adapting to the Agile Combat Employment (ACE) model, requiring the service to maneuver assets, equipment, and personnel at a moment’s notice. This strategy requires coordinating a myriad of moving parts when talking about setting up and relocating everything across multiple islands in an island-hopping concept. Planning these complicated maneuvers will require immediate and accurate data. Synchronizing a variety of RFID technology to existing information systems will enable real-time supply visibility of Air Force assets, which is needed for this strategy to succeed. Furthermore, in February 2024, the Marine Corps became the first branch to successfully pass a financial audit in DoD history, accounting for over $46.3 billion in assets.[11] For Fiscal Year 2023, DAF received 12 significant deficiencies and 30 material weaknesses.[12] Implementing this proposal for supply visibility will greatly increase our ability to account for Air Force material and equipment, and improve our ability to meet Financial Improvement and Audit Readiness (FIAR) requirements.

Operational and Tactical Benefits

There are also benefits at the tactical level. LRS commanders frequently serve as the local Accountable Property Officer and the Nuclear Weapons-Related Material Accountable Officer who must sign the monthly M10.  This proposal for supply visibility will enable timely and improved accuracy of equipment accountability at the base-level.[13] This improvement allows for LRS commanders to more effectively employ and deploy their Material Management personnel. With RFID updates, information will be shared across the base instantaneously, allowing for inventorying to become automatic with more accurate inventory levels, easing the selection of parts ready to move, as well as offering faster and more accurate tracking for inbound shipments. The location status and NSNs would automatically be sent to different systems.

Additionally, the military airlift system and network are part of the DoD logistics enterprise with all incoming and outgoing property to and from an installation originating at TMO. Installations under Air Mobility Command (AMC), retain this core responsibility under Aerial Port Squadrons (APS). This makes the APS commander responsible for ensuring accountable property is moved accordingly, which makes the APS the best location for data collection activities as RFID updates would enable better traceability, customer service, and data collection. For non-AMC locations, the APS is a node in the transportation network and the establishment of interrogators and HHTs, would enable accurate chain of custody and better tracking for customers to know the location of their shipments.

Lastly, allowing technological updates to accomplish required tasks, frees up Airmen to take on more responsibility in accomplishing the mission. For instance, if implemented correctly, our vision for supply visibility will automate time-consuming tasks, currently being accomplished by Airmen. Removing these tasks creates the opportunity for our Airmen to take on new responsibilities expected of Multi-Capable Airmen (MCA).

Airmen selected for the Multicapable Airmen team from the 419th Fighter Wing board a KC-46 on Nellis Air Force Base, NV, May 13, 2024. The 419th Fighter Wing conducted the exercise to train airmen to operate under deployed conditions. (U.S. Air Force photo by Senior Airman Kayla Barker)

Areas of Future Opportunities

While our capstone addresses pRFID technology implementation, our team acknowledges that there are other use cases for RFID outside of the ITV/TAV solution presented in this paper. A few of these future opportunities are listed below based on conversations we have had with various stakeholders:

  • Active RFID for Joint Inspections: the special operations community is known for hounding our logistic planning personnel when they deploy to make sure their cargo is going where it is needed on the (usually short) timeline provided. An aRFID solution for these situations would be more expensive than a passive tag, but if the owning unit of the cargo is willing to fund tags that would provide them constant location updates, it could lessen the burden on our Installation Deployment Readiness Center and Aerial Port communities.
  • AMC MICAPs: an AMC MICAP is defined as an aircraft that is grounded until this Mission Impaired Capability Awaiting Parts (MICAP) item is replaced. This part is the highest level of priority in the Air Force transportation network and is tracked at all levels from the squadrons (LRS, APS, AMU) who handle the part up to AMC. It has its own notification paperwork to include a telephone notification. An RFID supplement can augment this notification system, if not replace it altogether.
  • A smaller but incredibly durable tag that can be put on 463L pallets so that we can reduce the amount of manual work for Global Asset Reporting Tool (GART) inventories, to include the number of pallets that are at the depot being refurbished.
  • The software is expandable to other AF systems, such as the Defense Property Accountability System (DPAS) for quicker and more accurate accountability of Air Force equipment.
  • Faster service levels (i.e., retrieving/pulling an order) could enable a re-vectoring of manpower within the warehouse to add an aircraft delivery service. This could result in a decrease in repair time, increase one-for-one Due in From Maintenance (DIFM) turn in rates, and the possible elimination of Tail Number Bin (TNB).

Closing Comments

The Air Force currently runs their supply system off an assumption-based model for parts tracking. We assume a part arrives and is stored in a certain location, but unless we do a warehouse inventory, there is no way to validate it. RFID can fix this. Throughout our research we have found that there is resistance to change, because the technology was fielded two decades ago, but it did not work as intended. Will we let our resistance to change impede our ability to provide the best logistics to the fight? We need to more effectively leverage advantageous technology and data across the enterprise technology, which is a force multiplier, and the changing environment compels us logisticians to seek a different approach. Our systems and processes are handicapping us and will hurt us in a near-peer fight, so while our capstone may change if implemented, we must start somewhere. In the words of now retired General Michael A. Minihan, former AMC Commander (2021-2024): “think big, start small, go fast.”

The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the Air Force, the Department of Defense, or the US Government. 

About the Authors:

Capt Spencer D. Hardesty is a Logistics Readiness Officer (21R) who currently serves as the Traffic Management Flight Commander of the 436th Aerial Port Squadron, Dover AFB. He is a recent Education with Industry Fellowship graduate where he spent 12 months at the United Parcel Service, which is headquartered in Atlanta, GA. He entered the Air Force in June 2010 as a Fire Truck and Refueling Mechanic and earned his commission in August 2018. He has a bachelor’s degree in Business Administration and a master’s degree in Homeland Security from Trident University International.

Capt Matthew T. Ramsey is a Logistics Readiness Officer (21R) serving as the Director of Operations for the 92nd Logistics Readiness Squadron, Fairchild AFB. In his current position, he is responsible for providing world-class rapid tactical logistics and enduring sustainment to power America’s Super Tanker Wing wherever and whenever. He entered the Air Force in March 2017 as a graduate of Officer Training School after receiving his bachelor’s degree in Criminal Justice from the State University of New York College at Brockport. Prior to his current assignment, he served as an Education with Industry Fellow within Federal Express Corporation in Memphis, TN.

Capt Lauren M. Rogers is a Logistics Readiness Officer (21R) and currently at DLA-Energy Europe & Africa, where she works in the Customer Operations Cell supporting fuel procurement and distribution in all domains across the EUCOM and AFRICOM areas of responsibility. She is a recent Education with Industry Fellowship graduate where she worked at Delta Air Lines in Atlanta, GA. Capt Rogers has a bachelor’s degree in Business Administration from Boston University and a master’s degree in International Relations from the University of Oklahoma.

MSgt Jereme T. Henson serves as the Air Transportation Integration Liaison for the Logistics Under Attack/Agile Combat Employment team within Air Force Futures at HAF. Throughout his 13-year career, he has held various roles, including a tenure with Education with Industry at UPS Supply Chain Solutions in Atlanta, GA. His experience spans positions at the 62nd Aerial Port Squadron, 733rd Air Mobility Squadron, and 97th Logistics Readiness Squadron, along with four deployments to austere locations. MSgt Henson has expertise as an Aerial Port Expeditor, Hazardous Materials Inspector, Joint Inspector, and Parachute Rigger. He holds an Associate of Applied Science Degree in Transportation from the Community College of the Air Force.

Works Cited

[1] MHI. (2024). The 2024 MHI Annual Industry Report. Retrieved April 12, 2024, from https://og.mhi.org/publications/report

[2] Amsler, S. (n.d.). What is RFID and how does it work? TechTarget. Retrieved April 12, 2024, from https://www.techtarget.com/iotagenda/definition/RFID-radio-frequency-identification

[3] Amsler article referenced above.

[4] Gordon, J. (2015, February 20). Locally-developed technology paving way for future. Robins Air Force Base. Retrieved April 10, 2024, from https://www.robins.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/839954/locally-developed-technology-paving-way-for-future/

[5] Gordon article referenced above.

[6] CDO Technologies Awarded $6.6M AFGET Contract. (2022, August 30). CDO Technologies. Retrieved April 10, 2024, from https://www.cdotech.com/cdo-technologies-awarded-afget-contract/

[7] New technology key to Eglin’s inventory operations modernization. (2023, May 1). Eglin Air Force Base. Retrieved April 10, 2024, from https://www.eglin.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3378238/new-technology-key-to-eglins-inventory-operations-modernization/

[8] 100th LRS Airmen integrate new RFID Tracking System. (2023, July 27). RAF Mildenhall. Retrieved April 10, 2024, from https://www.mildenhall.af.mil/News/Article-Display/Article/3472819/100th-lrs-airmen-integrate-new-rfid-tracking-system/

[9] MCPIC Slide Deck: https://rfidjournallive.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/May-10_315A_845_Supply_Prouse-1.pdf

[10] CGI Federal White Paper on MCPIC: https://www.cgi.com/sites/default/files/2023-08/cgi_white_paper_mcpic_final.pdf

[11] Eckstein, M. (2024, February 23). Marines pass full financial audit, a first for any US military branch. Retrieved April 15, 2024, from https://www.defensenews.com/global/the-americas/2024/02/23/marines-pass-full-financial-audit-a-first-for-any-us-military-branch/

[12] Kendall, F. Secretary of the Air Force. (2023). Statement of Assurance. Retrieved April 15, 2024 from https://www.saffm.hq.af.mil/Portals/84/documents/financial_statements/FY%202023%20Department%20of%20the%20Air%20Force%20Agency%20Financial%20Report.pdf?ver=gqm3dSR5GyqP3qca5lK4cQ%3d%3d

[13] Department of Air Force Instruction 23-101 Materiel Management